Symptoms Of Huntington s Disease - 1475 Words

In a situation like these, where one of the family members appear to have early symptoms of Huntington’s Disease as Motor Symptoms where, reflexes, muscle strength coordination, balance, sense of touch (sensory) vision and eye movement and hearing are affected Freddie will have a brain Scan at Neurological exam with specialized Neurologist. After that, genetic specialist counselor will get small blood samples from each member of family to see whether who are at risk of caring Huntington’s allele. At this point, the samples move to laboratory where it will be checking CAG DNA segment within Huntington gene. DNA is isolated from the blood sample and amplified through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a technique for rapidly producing,†¦show more content†¦The DNA segments become separated throughout the gel relatively. The separated DNA fragments the, will be counted indicating the number of CAG repeats in the Huntington’s gene. From 6 to 35 repeats are considered to be normal, that means that the person being tested does not have the Huntington allele and so the disease. From 35 repeats and above the person has the Huntington allele and will be showing eventually Huntington’s symptoms of the disease. At this case, the family has to be informed of the following results as the test came positive to Freddie, Agnes and Edward. These members of the family carry the Huntington’s allele and will be affected by . It is essential to decide whether they are planning of giving birth to Edward and inform about the lifestyle changes in their life’s. There are trials of treating and controlling HD, Question 2 : Characterising Yeast Mutants. Wild-type haploid or diploid yeast strains ferment sugar to form ethanol, but the yeast are somewhat sensitive to ethanol and this sensitivity limits production of ethanol to ~6% weight by volume (w/v). The Chapelcross brewery mutated their haploid production strains of yeast and found three mutant strains that are tolerant to ethanol (up to ~15%). They plan on exploiting these strains to boost whiskey production and to expand into the biofuel industry to help create a strong and independent Scotland. The ethanol-tolerant

The Effects Of Cognitive Deficits On Children - 2742 Words

Children in institutional care such as foster care or adoption are at a heightened risk for poor psychosocial outcomes. These risks include psychopathology, substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, academic failure and problems with peers. Their poor performance may result from their experiences of either maltreatment or abuse. Given that this population of children has poor long term outcomes, their deficits in cognitive functioning will assist in the development of more suitable interventions and psychotherapeutic treatment services. This study examined deficits in memory using a sample of 5 to 12-year old maltreated foster/adoption children (n=20) and a comparison group of same-aged, nonmaltreated children living with their biological†¦show more content†¦Since this is a huge problem in the legal system, there has been a huge debate on whether or not the reports of recovering memories of abuse can be authentic, since human memory is susceptible to distortion. These types of memories can either help or hurt people in the system for example prosecuting an innocent person who was accused of being an abuser. However, very few studies have been done on the population of at risk children such as those in foster care or adoption. Children in foster care and adoption are a unique group that deserves research recognition. This population of children faces a long-term life of consequences because of the maltreatment, abuse and neglect. The importance of being able to understand what child maltreatment and neglect is crucial because of the danger it can cause a child. Child maltreatment is an urgent public health problem for many reasons. This paper expects to investigate the negative effects of early maltreatment/abuse on social and psychological functioning. Literature Review Emotion Understanding and Theory of Mind At risk children such as maltreated and abused children are at a higher risk of poor psychosocial outcomes such as substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, academic failure, and future problems with peer relations (Pears Fisher, 2005). This study looked at the deficits in memory abilities among abused and maltreated children and suggested that being in foster care was

Euthanasia

Question: In which Countries and Why Euthanasia is not Legal and Unethical. Answer: Introduction: Euthanasia is a medical term that applies to the deliberate act of killing a patient, who has been suffering from an incurable disease, and has no chance of getting well. Although this is an instance of medical intervention whereby the doctor intends to relieve the patient, the unnatural act of killing a person is considered to be unethical in countries like Canada, Switzerland, Britain and most of the states of the USA. Methodology: In order to understand why Euthanasia is unethical, and why is it banned in other countries, the report employed the use of Qualitative Research Method, whereby secondary information were being collected from different literary articles and magazines, published by scholars, examining the ethical and legal arguments against Euthanasia, and the reasons behind the same (Anneser et al. 2016). Results: From the thorough analysis of the literary articles and published journals, it has been observed that Euthanasia has been considered to be unethical on account of the fact that social thinkers point out that there is something inherently wrong about legalizing unnatural death simply because the patient is suffering from inhuman pain. A research study was being conducted in Oregon in the year of 2013 that claimed that patients chose euthanasia not for alleviating the excruciating pain they were battling with, simply because they did not want to be a burden for others (Subba et al. 2016). Countries such as Switzerland have completely banned Euthanasia, and arranges for medical experts to counsel and morally support terminally ill people (Browne and Russell 2016). Countries like Britain and India also claim that Euthanasia should not be approved as it is a form of assisted suicide. Most importantly, most of the people have protested against Passive Euthanasia, whereby a patient sufferin g from incurable disease, is killed without his consent. The protesters claimed that cessation of the present treatment, and the use of much more effective treatment can easily alleviate the pain of the patient, without killing him. Besides, several medical journals have also claimed that though terminally ill patients are killed through Euthanasia, it is not acceptable, as medical reports suggest that patients diagnosed to be terminally ill had often lived for years, and life span of a patient is usually unpredictable (Snead 2014). Discussion: It has been observed that the major ethical argument against Euthanasia is that it intends to demean and belittle the importance of sanctity of life. While the religious objection claims that any form of life is a part of the divine process, and human intervention should be prevented, the sociologists claimed that Euthanasia endorses the idea that the lives of the sick and disabled people are far less expensive than the lives of the healthy people. This kind of social exclusion of the disadvantageous section of the society is highly unacceptable in countries like India. Further, it should be noted that Euthanasia is deemed to be an easier way of getting away from troubles associated with healthcare provision of the sick and terminally ill people. Scientific studies have strongly suggested that effective palliative care does cure anyone, and allowing Euthanasia will encourage the doctors to neglect their dedication towards curing patients with complex diseases. Besides, according to B BC, the implementation of Euthanasia would also negatively affect the development of new innovative forms of healthcare treatments for complicated diseases, as assisted suicide would always tend to be an easy choice to make (Emanuel et al. 2016). Another very important point here is that the government of any nation is expected to partially bear medical expenses for its residents, but killing him would be a cost effective measure that would contribute to the laid back tendency of the governmental institutions (Sade 2015). For instance, once the Euthanasia law was legalized in Oregon, in the next 18 months, it was observed that little or no fund was being made available on part of the government for its extremely sick and elderly citizens. It is important to note that birth and death both are parts of the natural process, and thus Euthanasia is an example of destructive human intervention that destroys the life of a human being, who is left with no choice often, but to embrace death, being pressurized by the doctors and his family. It is needless to state that legalizing Euthanasia also passes a wrong message to the society, and might encourage teenagers to commit suicide with greater ease, as a means of solving trivial problems of life. Conclusion: To conclude, it should be remembered that Euthanasia cannot be justified under any condition, as the very concept itself tends to undermine the importance of human life and dignity, and offers death as the easiest alternative. Euthanasia not only passes a social message that is ethically wrong, but it also does injustice to the patients. References Anneser, J., Jox, R.J., Thurn, T. and Borasio, G.D., 2016. Physician-assisted suicide, euthanasia and palliative sedation: attitudes and knowledge of medical students.GMS journal for medical education,33(1). Browne, A. and Russell, J.S., 2016. Physician-assisted death in Canada.Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics,25(03), pp.377-383. Emanuel, E.J., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B.D., Urwin, J.W. and Cohen, J., 2016. Attitudes and practices of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the United States, Canada, and Europe.Jama,316(1), pp.79-90. Sade, R.M., 2015. Can a physician ever justifiably euthanize a severely disabled neonate?.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,149(2), pp.532-532. Snead, O.C., 2014. Carter Snead lecture" Physician Assisted Suicide: Objections in Principle and in Prudence". Subba, S.H., Khullar, V., Latafat, Y., Chawla, K., Nirmal, A. and Chaudhary, T., 2016. Doctors Attitude Towards Euthanasia: A Cross-sectional Study.Journal of The Association of Physicians of India,64, p.44.

The evaluation of the argument from a bumper sticker

Regardless of its innocent surface, a bumper sticker including an equation with the word marriage in its left side and the components of 1 man and 1 woman united with a summation sign in its right side conveys a number of implied arguments. The overt argument of this sticker is that a legal union between a man and a woman is defined as marriage, but the form of the strict equation chosen for this statement implies that it is the only possible form of marriage, while the other forms are not admissible.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The evaluation of the argument from a bumper sticker specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though the statement of the bumper sticker coincides with the definition of marriage under the Defense of Marriage Act, its implied arguments concerning the inadmissibility of other forms of unions discriminates feelings of ethnical and sexual minorities. Analyzing this simple statement, it can be lo gically assumed that the marriage between the representatives of the same sex and marriage between more than two partners is regarded as impossible. However, taking into account the fact that same sex marriage has already been legalized in five states, it can be noted that this argument can even not comply with the current legislation, depending upon the peculiar location. In other words, the contextual environment should be taken into consideration for evaluating at least the legal basis for making such an assertion in a specific community. The implied meaning of the term marriage should be taken into consideration for understanding this message in its full context. Thus, along with the definition of marriage as a legal contract, another meaning of this concept as perceived by the modern community is a social union. Then, treating the left side of the equation, namely the word marriage in its second meaning of a social union, the use of the legal restrictions for the construction o f the argument would be inappropriate. In that regard, not only a same sex marriage but even a union of more than two partners justified either with religious or personal views appears as possible. However, taking into account the strict equation as the chosen form for expressing the argument, the simple mathematical rules can be considered for evaluating the implied arguments. Thus, according to the rules of equation, the summation of other components can give the same value. It is possible to hypothesize that this bumper sticker shown only one of the possible forms of marriage. However, then exhibiting the sticker to the wide audience as a form of expressing the views of the driver would be senseless. Thus, it can be stated that regardless of the original mathematical form of expressing the argument, the mathematical rules are inappropriate for evaluating all the implied meanings of the argument under consideration because some of them are created by the situational context and th e driver’s intentions.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The role of the driver and his/her intentionality as the ethos component of the argument should be taken into account for estimating the statement. It is obvious that the argument reflects the driver’s personal views. However, the bumper sticker as the form of sharing one’s views can be regarded as the mode of self-expression. Exhibiting this sticker to the wide audience, the driver intends to affect the feelings of the surrounding and even expects certain reactions from them. Taking into account the driver’s motives in expressing the concern, it can be stated that the chosen form of expression reduces the persuasiveness of the implied arguments. Analyzing the variety of possible implied arguments and interpretations of the message written on a bumper sticker, it can be stated that the situational context, the background information and the ethos element deserve special consideration for interrogating the argument under consideration. This essay on The evaluation of the argument from a bumper sticker was written and submitted by user Jason Day to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Andromeda Strain

The Andromeda Strain by Michael Crichton is a science fiction book about the fictional 'first crisis' in the biological field. The book starts out by pointing out that technology is growing so rapidly, there is bound to be crises, like Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, and how the biological field of science has never had a major crisis. He also points out that biology is the youngest of all the fields, and a crisis has been long overdue. It begins with what is known as Project Scoop, a scientific mission to find life in the extreme outer limits of the atmosphere. Many satellites are put into orbit, and most are lost or come back with nothing. Then, with the seventh satellite, the get something. There is just one problem. The satellite lands in a very small town in northeast Arizona called Piedmont. Tracking crews are sent out to find the satellite and find it, and head into the town, but they find most of the inhabitants of Piedmont lying dead, clutching their chest, in the middle of the main street. When the get out of the vehicle to investigate, they die too, while being monitored by radio. The person in charge is back at base, listening to them. When, after the two find all the dead bodies in the town, everything goes silent, he knows something has gone very wrong, and calls in the problem. The systems that have been set up to take over in the event that something that like this happened start to take over, and certain people are contacted. Years before, a group of biologists proposed to the President that, in case of a unknown biological agent getting out into the country, an underground secret base should be set up to study the organism, and possibly try to find a cure. It would be five levels, each successive level more sterile than the other, from level 1 being non-sterile, to level 5 being as sterile as possible. The base also would have an automatic nuclear device placed at the bottom of it to prevent ... Free Essays on The Andromeda Strain Free Essays on The Andromeda Strain The Andromeda Strain by Michael Crichton is a science fiction book about the fictional 'first crisis' in the biological field. The book starts out by pointing out that technology is growing so rapidly, there is bound to be crises, like Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, and how the biological field of science has never had a major crisis. He also points out that biology is the youngest of all the fields, and a crisis has been long overdue. It begins with what is known as Project Scoop, a scientific mission to find life in the extreme outer limits of the atmosphere. Many satellites are put into orbit, and most are lost or come back with nothing. Then, with the seventh satellite, the get something. There is just one problem. The satellite lands in a very small town in northeast Arizona called Piedmont. Tracking crews are sent out to find the satellite and find it, and head into the town, but they find most of the inhabitants of Piedmont lying dead, clutching their chest, in the middle of the main street. When the get out of the vehicle to investigate, they die too, while being monitored by radio. The person in charge is back at base, listening to them. When, after the two find all the dead bodies in the town, everything goes silent, he knows something has gone very wrong, and calls in the problem. The systems that have been set up to take over in the event that something that like this happened start to take over, and certain people are contacted. Years before, a group of biologists proposed to the President that, in case of a unknown biological agent getting out into the country, an underground secret base should be set up to study the organism, and possibly try to find a cure. It would be five levels, each successive level more sterile than the other, from level 1 being non-sterile, to level 5 being as sterile as possible. The base also would have an automatic nuclear device placed at the bottom of it to prevent ...

Discriminated Criminals Essays - Abuse, Social Inequality

Discriminated Criminals Essays - Abuse, Social Inequality Discriminated Criminals The Criminal Justice system has always had discrimination in it. Discrimination can come from the police, courts, or even from lawyers. For example, in the Gideon vs. Wainwright case the court ruled that the state must provide a public defender but it did not rule that the public defender must be good or competent. (Too Poor N.Pag.). In most cases where a public defender is provided the defendant loses the case because the lawyer is new or incompetent. Thus the criminal justice system needs reform. The Criminal Justice System discriminates against the economically challenged and minorities because of police discrimination, unbalanced sentencing and incompetent public defenders. Police discrimination is a major factor in the criminal justice system. Police can discriminate towards different people and in different places at anytime the officers want. White police discriminate in jails and on the streets, which can be called racial profiling. In jail a white officer could give a black man a harder time then he would a white man. On the streets a white officer will stop a black man for no reason, ask where the black man is going, and often the officer will search the black mans car of belongings (Cole 7.). White police will go through poor neighborhoods to stop and search anyone the white police want (Cole 7.). A black man has a chance of getting picked up by the police for a DWB, which is Driving While Black which is impossible for most white people to even comprehend (Cole 7.). Another form of discrimination is from the black police. Sometimes the black police can discriminate just like the white police. Black police will discriminate against all ethnic groups like whites, blacks and other minorities. The black police discriminate against other blacks because the police believe that the black criminals are keeping the rest of the black community down. Black police also discriminate against the other minorities, not just the black criminals. Some black police feel the same way about Mexicans as some white police feel about blacks, that the Mexicans are what make this country bad. Another reason why there is talk about discrimination in the criminal justice system is because of unbalanced sentencing. Black men are more often sentenced for a first offense and usually get a longer sentence for something that the white men would only be getting a fine for (One-Third 25.). A California study showed that one out of six of six hundred twenty-five thousand black men were arrested, black men make up three percent of the population but account for forty percent of the prison population (Miller N. pag.). Black men usually pay twice as much bail as whites and usually get jailed before trial (One-Third 25.). Twelve percent of the American population is black and thirteen percent of blacks have used drugs but blacks account for thirty-five percent of arrests for drugs possession, fifty-five percent of convictions and forty-four percent of prison sentences (One-Third 25.). Most crack users in the United States are white but most prosecuted are black (Carter 290+.). Only fou r of the first thirty-seven death penalty prosecutions from the Anti-Drug Abuse Act have been white (Carter 290+.). Unbalanced sentencing, besides affecting black people wrongly, can also effect poor people wrongly. Poor people can get harsher sentencing just because a judge does not like the person for not being able to keep a job or for not paying taxes. Poor people could get a harsher sentence because the poor person does not have the money to pay a fine of a mere fifty-dollars. The judge knows that the poor person could not pay the fine. Even though misdemeanors and fines are small to most people, to a poor person it could mean imprisonment. Judges can also be swayed by the appearance of a person and a poor person cannot show up to court battered or in a suit. Incompetent public defenders are the biggest form of discrimination in the entire Criminal Justice System. The biggest problem is the funding for the public defenders. Even though it is less than two percent of the total spending on law enforcement and only ten percent of spending on all judicial and legal sources, people can still

New Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

New Below - Essay Example uage was seen as a matter of knowing grammatical rules and vocabulary and could be measured by measuring the learner’s grammatical and lexical knowledge.’ (Manfred 219). Philosophers and Psychologists have often debated appropriate ways of conceptualizing the nature of language proficiency and its relationship to other constructs like intelligence. ‘Proficiency is a definite, if intuitively held, concept and not just a formal construct.’ (Manfred 219). The question of proficiency in language is central to the resolution of a variety of applied educational issues. Expertise in a language develops as a function of ‘different class rooms treatments different experiences in the environments and different social contexts.’ (Harley 7). To assess proficiency, tests have been designed that have descriptors for various levels of achievement and is usually expressed as a number on a scale. ‘The level of correlation between tests of formal knowledge and tests of practical proficiency seems to depend on the nature of the course or environment in which the language has been learned.’ (Manfred 219). According D E Ingram, Darwin Institute of Technology, Casuarina, Australia, ‘the term â€Å"test† – refers to any activity in evaluating or measuring some part or all of a learner’s language proficiency.’ (Manfred Introduction 215). A five point scale such as the International Second Language Proficiency Rating (ISLPR) formerly called Australian Second Language Proficiency Rating (ASLPR) used the + symbol to make distinctions between the fine points on the scale. There have been considerable developments in linguistic and second language teaching. The evaluation of the concept of proficiency changed the linguistic theory of Chomsky with competence in performance. Reactions against Psycholinguistic distinctions made by Chomsky made people think of competency as not only linguistic but also communicative i.e. use was considered as important as language usage.